Revisión psicométrica de la Escala de autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios en adultos mexicanos: ¿Es factible una versión breve? / Psychometric review of the Self-regulation scale of eating habits in Mexican adults: Is a short version feasible?

Introducción: De acuerdo con cifras oficiales, 75.0% de las mujeres y 69.6% de los hombres mexicanos presentan obesidad o sobrepeso, estas condiciones pueden desencadenar enfermedades crónicas. En ese sentido, los hábitos son factores determinantes para dicha prevalencia, y entre los que influyen de forma significativa sobre la salud están los hábitos alimentarios. Entonces, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autorregulación de Hábitos Alimentarios, y derivar una versión breve. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio instrumental en el que participaron 442 adultos mexicanos (60% mujeres; Medad = 32.486 años). Además de la Escala de Autorregulación de Hábitos Alimentarios, se incluyó una ficha de datos sociodemográficos. Las evidencias de validez se analizaron desde un enfoque analítico-factorial mediante un modelamiento exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales (ESEM, por sus siglas en inglés); mientras que la fiabilidad se estimó a nivel de puntuaciones (coeficiente alfa) y de constructo (coeficiente omega). Resultados: La escala responde a una estructura esencialmente unidimensional, de la cual se derivó una versión breve de 8 ítems que evidenció adecuados índices de ajuste, cargas factoriales elevadas, excelente fiabilidad, y es invariante entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: La Escala de Autorregulación de Hábitos Alimentarios presenta una estructura unidimensional sólida, su adecuada fiabilidad permite su uso a nivel de investigación básica y aplicada, y evalúa de forma equivalente la autorregulación en hombres y mujeres (AU)

Introduction: According to official records, 75.0% of Mexican women and 69.6% of Mexican men are obese or overweight, conditions that can develop chronic diseases. In that sense, habits are determinate factors for this prevalence, among those that significantly influence health are eating habits. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Self-Regulation Scale of Eating Habits to obtain a brief version. Materials and methods: An instrumental study was carried out with 442 Mexican adults (60% women; Mage= 32.486 years). In addition to the Self-Regulation of Eating Habits Scale, a sociodemographic data sheet was included. The evidence of validity was analyzed with an analytical-factorial approach by an exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM); as well reliability was estimated at the level of scores (alpha coefficient) and construct (omega coefficient). Results: The scale responds to an essentially one-dimensional structure, a short version of 8 items was obtained, which showed an adequate adjustment index, high factor loads, excellent reliability, and being invariant between men and women. Conclusions: The Self-Regulation of Eating Habits Scale presents a solid one-dimensional structure; its adequate reliability allows it’s to use at the level of basic and applied research. Also evaluates self-regulation in men and women in an equivalent way (AU)

Personality, negative affectivity and emotional intelligence: gender-differentiated relationships with physical exercise.

Introduction: Physical exercise is one of the most relevant lifestyle choices for the prevention of diseases; however, participation in this type of activity remains low. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of related psychological factors in men and women. Objective: To determine whether personality traits, emotional intelligence and negative affective are differentially related to physical exercise characteristics in men and women. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 579 physically active people (61.1% men) between 18 and 59 years of age. The Big Five Inventory (BFI-15p), Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (EQ-i-M20), and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used. Results: Compared with men, women exercised fewer days and minutes per week, had fewer years of participation and performed fewer different physical exercises. On the emotional intelligence scale, compared with men, women showed less stress management, adaptability and general mood but greater interpersonal intelligence. With regard to personality traits, compared with men, women showed greater openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism. In males, heightened levels of general mood and extraversion were associated to a lasting commitment to physical exercise over time. Conversely, in females, depression was negatively associated with the years dedicated to physical exercise. Conclusion: Distinct approaches are essential for men and women, acknowledging the varied ways psychological factors are linked to physical exercise based on gender.

Validación de una escala de estilos de vida saludable en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos / Validation of a scale of healthy lifestyles in Mexican university students

Objetivo: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Estilos de Vida Saludables para Estudiantes Universitarios (EEVSEU) en hombres y mujeres estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Material y método: Fueron evaluadas las evidencias de validez respecto a la estructura e invarianza de medición de la EEVSEU mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Inicialmente se evaluaron dos modelos: el modelo original (8 dimensiones), y el modelo obtenido en mujeres mexicanas (4 dimensiones). Se determinó la magnitud de las cargas factoriales de cada ítem (≥0,50) y la fiabilidad de las puntaciones y del constructo de los modelos a través de los coeficientes alfa y omega. Finalmente se analizó la asociación entre los estilos de vida saludable con el bienestar psicológico y con la autorregulación de los hábitos alimentarios. Resultados: Luego de los análisis iniciales, se consideró un nuevo modelo con 7 dimensiones de la EEVSEU (ejercicio, comportamiento regular, comportamiento nutricional, responsabilidad en salud, apoyo social, manejo del estrés y apreciación por la vida) (M3), el cual evidencio parámetros factoriales adecuados (índices de ajuste y cargas factoriales), además ser invariante entre hombres y mujeres y asociarse de forma significativa con la autorregulación de los hábitos alimentarios y el bienestar psicológico. Conclusiones: La EEVSEU presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su aplicación en hombres y mujeres estudiantes universitarios mexicanos con fines de investigación. (AU)

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of the Scale of Healthy Lifestyles for University Students (EEVSEU) for male and female university students in Mexico. Materials and methods: Validity evidence regarding the structure and measurement invariance of the EEVSEU was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Initially, two models were evaluated: the original model (8 dimensions) and the model obtained in Mexican women (4 dimensions). The magnitude of the factorial loads of each item (≥0.50) and the reliability of the scores and the construct of the models were determined through the alpha and omega coefficients. Finally, the association between healthy lifestyles and psychological well-being and self-regulation of eating habits was analysed. Results: After the initial analyses, a new model was constructed with 7 dimensions of the EEVSEU (exercise, regular behaviour, nutritional behaviour, health responsibility, social support, stress management and appreciation for life) (M3). It evidenced adequate factorial parameters (adjustment indices and factorial loads), was invariant between men and women and significantly associated with the self-regulation of eating habits and psychological well-being. Conclusions: The EEVSEU has adequate psychometric properties for its application in studies involving male and female university students in Mexico. (AU)

Porcentaje de grasa corporal, inteligencia emocional y rasgos de personalidad en hombres y mujeres trabajadores / Body fat percentage, emotional intelligence, and personality traits in working men and women

Introducción: el exceso de peso en las personas tiene implicaciones negativas en la productividad laboral. La in-teligencia emocional y los rasgos de personalidad han mostrado diferencias entre personas con peso normal y con exceso de peso (de acuerdo con el IMC). Sin embargo, la evidencia de asociaciones con indicadores más objetivos como el porcentaje de grasa corporal es escasa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si existe relación entre el por-centaje de grasa corporal, la inteligencia emocional y los rasgos de personalidad en población joven trabajadora.Método: se realizó un estudio transversal-analítico en 125 jóvenes de Xalapa, Veracruz, México, con edad promedio de 24.6 años (DEedad±2.6). Se aplicó un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional (EQ-i-M20), el Inventario de Rasgos de Personalidad (BFI-15p) y se midió el porcentaje de grasa corporal mediante análisis de bioimpedancia.Resultados: la inteligencia emocional y los rasgos de personalidad presentan diferencias entre los sexos. Las muje-res presentan menor inteligencia emocional y mayor neuroticismo que los hombres. En la muestra total, se identi-ficaron como predictores del porcentaje de grasa corporal algunas dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional como manejo de estrés, adaptabilidad y ánimo general, así como los rasgos de neuroticismo y apertura.Conclusión: es indispensable que los entornos laborales consideren las dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional y los rasgos de personalidad, en la planeación de estrategias para la promoción de la salud y la prevención de enfer-medades asociadas al exceso de peso (AU)

Introduction: Being overweight has negative implications for work productivity. Emotional intelligence and per-sonality traits have shown differences between normal-weight and overweight people (according to BMI). However, the evidence of associations with more objective indicators, such as body fat percentage, is scarce. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between body fat percentage, emotional intelligence, and personality traits in young workers.Methods: A cross-analytical study was carried out on 125 young people living in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, with a mean age of 24.6 years (SDage ± 2.6). A sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EQ-i-M20), and the Personality Traits Inventory (BFI-15p) were used. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was used to quantify body fat percentage.Results: Both emotional intelligence and personality traits showed differences by sex. Women had lower emotional intelligence and higher neuroticism than men. Some domains of emotional intelligence, such as stress manage-ment, adaptability, and general mood, as well as neuroticism and openness traits, were identified as predictors for body fat percentage.Conclusions: Work environments must consider the dimensions of emotional intelligence and personality traits in planning strategies for health promotion and the prevention of diseases associated with excess weight (AU)

Análisis psicométrico de versiones cortas del Big Five Inventory en universitarios mexicanos / Psychometric analysis of short versions of the Big Five Inventory in Mexican college students / Análise psicométrica de versões curtas do Big Five Inventory em universitários mexicanos

La personalidad es uno de los constructos centrales de la psicología, no obstante, las escalas extensas pueden dificultar su inclusión en diversos estudios. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si las dos versiones breves del Big Five Inventory (BFI, 15p y BFI-10p) presentan evidencias de validez y de confiabilidad en una muestra de 451 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos (57,2% mujeres; Medad = 20,84). El BFI-15p y el BFI-10p fueron analizados mediante un modelo exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales (método de estimativa, y rotación geomin), y se encontró que el BFI-15p tenía un índice de ajuste satisfactorio y estructura interna coherente, así como asociaciones significativas con una breve medida de inteligencia emocional. Además, los coeficientes y puntuaciones de confiabilidad del constructo fueron adecuados. Se concluye que el BFI-15p presenta propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias para su uso en estudiantes universitarios.(AU)

A personalidade é um dos construtos centrais da psicologia, no entanto, as escalas extensas podem dificultar a sua inclusão em diversos estudos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se as duas versões breves do Big Five Inventory (BFI-15p e BFI-10p) apresentam evidências de validade e de confiabilidade numa amostra de 451 estudantes universitários mexicanos (57.2% mulheres; Midade = 20.84). O BFI-15p e o BFI-10p foram analisados por meio de um modelo exploratório de equações estruturais (método de estimativa WLSMV e rotação Geomin), e verificou-se que o BFI-15p apresentava índice de ajuste satisfatório e estrutura interna coerente, assim como associações significativas com uma breve medida de inteligência emocional. Além disso, os coeficientes e pontuações de confiabilidade do construto foram adequados. Conclui-se que o BFI-15p apresenta propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para o uso em estudantes universitários.(AU)

Personality is one of the central constructs of psychology, however, its extensive scales can hinder its inclusion in various studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify whether the two short versions of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-15p and BFI-10p) present evidence of validity and reliability in a sample of 451 Mexican university students. (57.2% women; Mage = 20.84). The BFI-15p and BFI-10p were analyzed through exploratory structural equation modeling (WLSMV estimation method and geomin rotation), and it was found that the BFI-15p presented a satisfactory fit index and a coherent internal structure, as well as significant associations with a brief measure of emotional intelligence. The construct reliability coefficients and scores were also adequate. It was concluded that the BFI-15p presents satisfactory psychometric properties for use with university students.(AU)

Running in Natural Spaces: Gender Analysis of Its Relationship with Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Well-Being, and Physical Activity.

Running is a complete and accessible physical exercise for the population, but little research has been done on the psychological and environmental variables related to its practice. The objective of this research was to determine how emotional intelligence, psychological well-being, and body dissatisfaction are related to running in natural spaces for men and women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 331 runners from 20 states of the Mexican Republic (55.3% women), between 18 and 80 years old (m = 37.4; SD = 11.5), with an average of 7 years running experience (SD = 9.3). The Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Body Shape Questionnaire were used. The results show that men who run in natural spaces have greater psychological well-being and emotional intelligence (stress management) and less body dissatisfaction, and they run more days per week than those who run in built spaces. Predictors of running in natural spaces were greater psychological well-being and emotional intelligence (stress management). On the other hand, women who run in natural spaces show lower emotional intelligence (stress management) and run for more minutes per day. The predictors for running in natural spaces were identified as lower emotional intelligence (stress management), running for more minutes per day, and practicing another physical exercise. In conclusion, in this heterogeneous sample, natural environments are likely to be related to better performance and certain psychological indicators for runners. However, these relationships differ between men and women, so further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en estudiantes de enfermería: un análisis preliminar

Objetivo: Explorar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en estudiantes mexicanos del pregrado de enfermería. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio instrumental, orientado a la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas, validez y fiabilidad de la BIEPS-A. Participaron 228 estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de una universidad pública de Oaxaca, México. Fue ejecutado un análisis factorial confirmatorio con el programa EQS 6.2, usando el método de máxima verosimilitud robusto. El modelo oblicuo fue evaluado en función de los índices de ajuste y se consideró la validez interna convergente y discriminante. La fiabilidad del constructo fue estimada con los coeficientes co y H. Resultados: Tras la eliminación de dos ítems por baja carga factorial, la estructura interna del BIEPS-A obtuvo un ajuste adecuado. La mayoría de los factores evidencian una varianza extraída promedio destacada (> 0,50), así como una correcta discriminación entre factores lo que permite la interpretación independiente de cada factor. En lo que respecta a la fiabilidad del constructo, los cuatro factores obtuvieron magnitudes aceptables (> 0,70) y los dos últimos elevadas (> 0,80). Conclusiones: La BIEPS-A presenta características psicométricas adecuadas, y podría ser incorporada en evaluaciones masivas llevadas a cabo en estudiantes, y así valorar el grado de bienestar autorreportado.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Scale of Psychological Well-Being for Adults (BIEPS-A) over Mexican students of nursing school. Method: An instrumental case study was made, oriented to the study of the psychometric properties, validity and reliability of the BIEPS-A, in which 228 students from the Nursing School of a public university in Oaxaca, Mexico participated. A confirmatory factorial analysis was executed with the program EQS 6.2, using the robust maximum likelihood method. The oblique model was evaluated in accord with the adjustment indexes, and the intern convergent and discriminant validity was considered. The construct's reliability was estimated through the cg and H coefficients. Results: It was found that, after the elimination of two items due to their low factorial charge, an adequate adjustment of the internal structure of the BIEPS-A was obtained. The majority of factors showed a prominent average variance extracted (> 0,50), as well as a correct discriminant factors that allowed the independent interpretation of each factor. As for the construct's reliability, all four factors got acceptable magnitudes (> 0,70), and high magnitudes for the last two (> 0,80). Conclusions: It was concluded that the BIEPS-A has adequate psychometric properties that make it well suited for its incorporation into massive evaluations taken on students, given that it can effectively evaluate the degree of self-reported well-being of the students.

Factores asociados al fracaso terapéutico en personas viviendo con VIH con tratamiento antirretroviral: una revisión panorámica de la literatura / Associated factors of treatment failure in people living with HIV taking antiretroviral treatment: a scooping review

Introducción: Se estima que en 2019 vivían 38 millones de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), para quienes es fundamental el tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR); sin embargo, no siempre funciona. El fracaso terapéutico del TAR sucede cuando existe una progresión de la enfermedad en parámetros clínicos, virológicos o inmunológicos con un peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al fracaso terapéutico del TAR en personas viviendo con VIH. Métodos: Se siguieron los lineamientos para revisiones sistemáticas de PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews), modificados por Tricco y otros. Los artículos sobre el fracaso terapéutico en población adulta en primera línea de TAR se hallaron en PubMed y la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Información, análisis y síntesis: La definición de fracaso terapéutico utilizada en ocho artículos corresponde con los criterios de la OMS; el resto emplea el criterio virológico con distintos puntos de corte. Se describen factores asociados con el fracaso terapéutico con significación estadística, agrupados en factores sociodemográficos (sexo, edad, edad inicio del TAR, compartir estatus de VIH, empleo de drogas inyectables y nivel educativo) y factores clínicos (niveles de linfocitos T CD4+ al inicio del TAR, nivel de adherencia, cambio de régimen, estadio de la OMS al inicio del TAR y coinfección por tuberculosis). Conclusiones: Dos factores fundamentales en el fracaso terapéutico son los sociodemográficos y los clínicos que dependen de la accesibilidad al tratamiento, el sistema de salud y las características intrínsecas de los individuos, incluyendo las conductas en relación con su enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: It is estimated that by 2019 there are 38 million people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for whom antiretroviral treatment is essential. Treatment failure occurs when there is a progression of the disease in clinical, virological, or immunological parameters that lead to a change in treatment and a worse prognosis of the disease. The objective of this panoramic review is to answer the following question: What are the factors associated with the therapeutic failure of antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV? Methods: A panoramic review was carried out following the guidelines for systematic reviews suggested by PRISMA-SCR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes extension for Scoping Reviews) and modified by Tricco et al. The articles on therapeutic failure in the adult population on the first line of ART were rescued from PubMed and the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The search was limited to a period from 2010 to 2020 and articles whose population was children or pregnant women and articles not available in English or Spanish were excluded. Information, Analysis and Synthesis: The definition of therapeutic failure used corresponds to the WHO criteria in eight articles, while the rest use the virological criterion in variable reference points. Regarding the factors associated with treatment failure, those with statistical significance grouped into sociodemographic factors (sex, age, age of ART onset, shared HIV status, injection drug use, and educational level) and clinical factors (T CD4+ levels are described at the start of ART, level of adherence, change of regimen, WHO stage at the start of ART, and tuberculosis coinfection). Conclusions: Two fundamental factors in therapeutic failure are sociodemographic and clinical, which in turn depend on accessibility to treatment, the health system and intrinsic characteristics of the individuals and the behaviors they adopt in relation to their disease(AU)

Lifestyle, psychological well-being, and body mass index of indigenous women

Lifestyle, psychological well-being, and body mass index of indigenous women. Introduction. Obesity is more common in women and has also been found to be present in indigenous populations. During university studies, obesity-related lifestyles are in the process of consolidation, and although this is known, research is limited to addressing physical activity and diet, ignoring other lifestyle components, such as life appreciation. Additionally, there is a need to corroborate whether psychological well-being contributes to excess weight in indigenous women. Objective. To determine whether there is an association between lifestyle, psychological well-being, and body mass index (BMI) in indigenous women. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 female Zapotec university students in Juchitán, Oaxaca, Mexico. The Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students, and a questionnaire about personal data were used. Body weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Results. There was a negative correlation between BMI, self-acceptance (r = -0.33; p < 0.01), and life appreciation (r = -0.22; p < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between lifestyle and psychological well-being dimensions, with the strongest correlations being observed between life appreciation and purpose in life (r = 0.55) and self-acceptance (r = 0.48). The multivariable models determined that life appreciation and self-acceptance are associated with BMI. Conclusion. Life appreciation and self-acceptance are predictors of BMI and are even more strongly associated than exercise and nutrition behaviors(AU)

La obesidad es más frecuente en mujeres, aún en poblaciones indígenas. Durante los estudios universitarios, los estilos de vida relacionados con la obesidad se encuentran en proceso de consolidación, y aunque esto es conocido, las investigaciones se limitan a abordar la actividad física y la dieta, ignorando otros componentes del estilo de vida, como la apreciación por la vida. Adicionalmente, es necesario corroborar si el bienestar psicológico contribuye al exceso de peso en mujeres indígenas. Objetivo. Determinar si existe asociación entre los estilos de vida, el bienestar psicológico y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en mujeres indígenas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 110 mujeres zapotecas estudiantes universitarias en Juchitán, Oaxaca, México. Se utilizó la escala de bienestar psicológico, la escala de estilos de vida saludables para estudiantes universitarias y un cuestionario sobre datos personales. Se midió el peso corporal y la estatura para calcular el IMC. Resultados. Hubo correlación negativa entre el IMC, la autoaceptación (r=-0,33; p<0,01) y la apreciación por la vida (r=-0,22; p<0,05). Se encontraron correlaciones entre las dimensiones de estilos de vida y las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico: las correlaciones más fuertes se observaron entre apreciación por la vida y propósito en la vida (r 0 0.55) y autoaceptación (r = 0.48). La apreciación por la vida y la autoaceptación son factores predictores del IMC. Conclusión. La apreciación por la vida y la autoaceptación son predictores del IMC, incluso más fuertemente asociados que el ejercicio físico y la alimentación(AU)

Potencial del índice de masa corporal como indicador de grasa corporal en jóvenes / Potential for body mass index as a tool to estimate body fat in young people

Objetivo: Determinar el indicador antropométrico que presenta mayor fuerza de asociación con el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la autorregulación de alimentación y actividad física en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios, para su uso por personal de enfermería en atención primaria. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 3.869 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos, de los cuales el 53,9% fueron mujeres. Se siguieron procedimientos estándar para la antropometría incluyendo peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura. Con estos datos se calcularon índice de masa corporal (IMC), A Body Shape Index, índice cintura-talla, Body roundness index y Conicity index. Se aplicaron la Escala de autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios y la Escala de autorregulación de actividad física. Se estimaron medias con desviación estándar, porcentajes y coeficientes de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: El grupo de hombres presentó prevalencia superior de exceso de peso en comparación con las mujeres. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre la mayoría de los índices antropométricos y la autorregulación de hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física. Sin embargo, en todos los casos las correlaciones fueron bajas. El porcentaje de grasa corporal tuvo una asociación media con Conicity index y fuerte con IMC, circunferencia de cintura, índice cintura-talla y Body roundness index, siendo el IMC el que presentó el coeficiente de correlación más fuerte. Conclusiones: De los indicadores analizados, el IMC muestra la fuerza de asociación más fuerte con el porcentaje de grasa corporal en estudiantes universitarios, por lo que se sugiere mantener su uso en enfermería para la determinación de obesidad por su simplicidad de estimación.(AU)

Objective: We aim to determine the anthropometric indicator that is most strongly associated with the percentage of body fat and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity among young university students. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,869 Mexican university students, of which 53.9% were women. Standard procedures for anthropometry were followed, including weight, height and waist circumference. This data was used for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), A Body Shape Index, waist-to-height ratio, Body Roundness Index and Conicity index. The self-regulation of eating habits scale and the self-regulation of physical activity scale were used. Mean with standard deviation, percentages and Pearson correlation coefficient were estimated. Results: The group of men shown a higher prevalence of excess weight compared to the women. Inverse correlations between most anthropometric indices and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity were found. However, in all cases the correlations were weak. The percentage of fat had a medium frequency of association with Conicity index and high with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and Body Roundness Index, where the BMI showed the highest correlation coefficient. Conclusions: The BMI shows the highest magnitude of association with percentage of body fat in university students among the indicators analysed. Therefore it is suggested that nurses use BMI to determine obesity because it is easy to calculate.(AU)

Potential for body mass index as a tool to estimate body fat in young people. / Potencial del índice de masa corporal como indicador de grasa corporal en jóvenes.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to determine the anthropometric indicator that is most strongly associated with the percentage of body fat and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity among young university students. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,869 Mexican university students, of which 53.9% were women. Standard procedures for anthropometry were followed, including weight, height and waist circumference. This data was used for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), A Body Shape Index, waist-to-height ratio, Body Roundness Index and Conicity index. The self-regulation of eating habits scale and the self-regulation of physical activity scale were used. Mean with standard deviation, percentages and Pearson correlation coefficient were estimated. RESULTS: The group of men shown a higher prevalence of excess weight compared to the women. Inverse correlations between most anthropometric indices and self-regulation of eating behaviour and physical activity were found. However, in all cases the correlations were weak. The percentage of fat had a medium frequency of association with Conicity index and high with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and Body Roundness Index, where the BMI showed the highest correlation coefficient CONCLUSIONS: The BMI shows the highest magnitude of association with percentage of body fat in university students among the indicators analysed. Therefore it is suggested that nurses use BMI to determine obesity because it is easy to calculate.

Insecure Attachment as a Risk Factor for the Development of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in a Sample of Mexican Adults.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the risk posed by attachment type in the development of anxiety or depression symptomatology in Mexican adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was case-control study in which anxiety and depression symptomatology levels were compared according to the attachment type reported by 3,666 participants. FINDINGS: It was found that insecure attachment is a risk factor (p≤.001) for the development of severe levels of depression (OR = 2.12, CI 95%: 1.66-2.70) and anxiety symptomatology (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.30-1.77). Findings are discussed based on their implications for psychiatric nursing practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The findings of this study enable nurses to consider the empirical validity of attachment theory for studying psychosocial aspects of mental health and to design intervention strategies that promote secure attachment in populations without psychiatric diagnoses to prevent anxiety and depression symptomatology.

Psychometric Analysis of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Mexican University Students. / Análisis psicométrico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychometric properties, internal structure, and relationship with anthropometric indicators of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Mexican university students according to the measurement invariance approach. METHODS: An instrumental study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the BSQ. The analysis of the measurement invariance was performed using the Least Squares Estimation, and weighted by adjusted variance and polychoric correlations after assessing different measurement models for BSQ in each group. The scores of the final version were correlated with anthropometric indicators by the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: As regards the dimensional analysis, all of the previous models for BSQ have favourable adjustment rates, although those with a single factor show more robust evidence. The configural invariance was accepted; suggesting that the one-dimensional structure is common for both men and women. However, 16-item factorial loadings were statistically different between the groups. Hence, they were discarded and an 18-item version (BSQ-18) was obtained, which is considered invariant as regards gender. In addition, there is a direct relationship between the scores of the BSQ-18 version and the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat percentage. Satisfactory indicators were found as regards stability. CONCLUSIONS: The BSQ-18 can be used with men and women, and has high reliability indicators to be conducted in clinical settings to assess eating disorders and obesity among university students.

Análisis psicométrico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos / Psychometric Analysis of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Mexican University Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas, estructura interna y relación con indicadores antropométricos del Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) en universitarios mexicanos, partiendo de un enfoque de la invarianza de medición. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio instrumental, orientado a la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas, validez y fiabilidad, del BSQ. Se realizó análisis de invarianza de la medición por el método de estimación mínimos cuadrados ponderados con varianza ajustada y correlaciones policóricas, previa evaluación de diferentes modelos de medición del BSQ en cada grupo. Las puntuaciones de la versión final se correlacionaron con indicadores antropométricos mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: En el análisis dimensional, todos los modelos previos del BSQ presentan índices de ajuste favorables, aunque aquellos de un solo factor presente son los que tienen evidencia más robusta. Se aceptó la invarianza configural, lo que indica que la estructura unidimensional es común a varones y mujeres. Sin embargo, las cargas factoriales de 16 ítems fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos, por lo que se descartaron y se obtuvo una versión de 18 ítems (BSQ-18), que se considera invariante respecto al sexo. Además, hay relación directa entre las puntuaciones de la versión del BSQ-18 y el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, se hallaron indicadores satisfactorios. Conclusiones: El BSQ-18 es aplicable tanto a varones como a mujeres y tiene indicadores de fiabilidad elevados que posibilitan su uso en entornos clínicos para la evaluación en el abordaje de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y obesidad en jóvenes universitarios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the psychometric properties, internal structure, and relationship with anthropometric indicators of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Mexican university students according to the measurement invariance approach. Methods: An instrumental study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the BSQ. The analysis of the measurement invariance was performed using the Least Squares Estimation, and weighted by adjusted variance and polychoric correlations after assessing different measurement models for BSQ in each group. The scores of the final version were correlated with anthropometric indicators by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: As regards the dimensional analysis, all of the previous models for BSQ have favourable adjustment rates, although those with a single factor show more robust evidence. The configural invariance was accepted; suggesting that the one-dimensional structure is common for both men and women. However, 16-item factorial loadings were statistically different between the groups. Hence, they were discarded and an 18-item version (BSQ-18) was obtained, which is considered invariant as regards gender. In addition, there is a direct relationship between the scores of the BSQ-18 version and the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat percentage. Satisfactory indicators were found as regards stability. Conclusions: The BSQ-18 can be used with men and women, and has high reliability indicators to be conducted in clinical settings to assess eating disorders and obesity among university students

Design and Psychometric Analysis of the Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI).

Gestational stress is associated with many maternal and child complications, however, this association must be taken with care, since there are studies that find inconsistent results between stress measures and maternal complications. It is believed that the lack of convergence is due to the way in which gestational stress is evaluated.The aim of the present study was to design and validate an instrument based on a bio-psycho-social model of gestational stress. The design and validation process of the inventory was divided into four phases: (a) Construction of the items bank and content validity, (b) construct validity, (c) inventory reliability and (d) convergent and discriminant validity with psychometric instruments that have been used in other investigations to evaluate gestational stress.A valid and reliable Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI) conformed by two scales was developed: (a) Gestational stressors, which is formed by two factors, the psychological stressors and social stressors with a variance of 48.5% and 51.8% and a reliability of .79 and .67, respectively; and (b) gestational stress modulators integrated by 8 items that explain 55.2% of the variance and with a reliability of .92. In conclusion, a valid and reliable tool was obtained that measures gestational stress from a bio-psycho-social perspective. This inventory allows for the identification of allostatic and pantostatic stress, making it useful as a diagnostic tool to prevent maternal and childhood complications that are associated with chronic gestational stress.

Design and psychometric analysis of the Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI)

Gestational stress is associated with many maternal and child complications, however, this association must be taken with care, since there are studies that find inconsistent results between stress measures and maternal complications. It is believed that the lack of convergence is due to the way in which gestational stress is evaluated. The aim of the present study was to design and validate an instrument based on a bio-psycho-social model of gestational stress. The design and validation process of the inventory was divided into four phases: (a) Construction of the items bank and content validity, (b) construct validity, (c) inventory reliability and (d) convergent and discriminant validity with psychometric instruments that have been used in other investigations to evaluate gestational stress. A valid and reliable Stressors and Modulators of Gestational Stress Inventory (SMGSI) conformed by two scales was developed: (a) Gestational stressors, which is formed by two factors, the psychological stressors and social stressors with a variance of 48.5% and 51.8% and a reliability of .79 and .67, respectively; and (b) gestational stress modulators integrated by 8 items that explain 55.2% of the variance and with a reliability of .92. In conclusion, a valid and reliable tool was obtained that measures gestational stress from a bio-psycho-social perspective. This inventory allows for the identification of allostatic and pantostatic stress, making it useful as a diagnostic tool to prevent maternal and childhood complications that are associated with chronic gestational stress

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Afectaciones a la salud tras la migración y el papel mediador de la aculturación y la cohesión familiar / Health effects after migration and the mediating role of acculturation and family cohesion

Resumen Introducción: La migración es un proceso que implica cambios para el migrante, estos se ven reflejados en las actividades y prácticas que se realizan en el lugar receptor, y muchas veces no son las mismas de la cultura de procedencia, sin embargo las va adquiriendo de forma paulatina y gradual, hasta ser partícipe de ellas, alterando su cohesión familiar y propiciando el proceso de aculturación. Dichos cambios pueden tener efectos en la salud del migrante. Objetivo: Identificar los efectos que tiene la migración en la salud del migrante y su papel mediador de la cohesión familiar y la aculturación. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática (metodología PRISMA) en la base de datos PubMed de artículos completos, utilizando como palabras clave: migrante, aculturación, cohesión familiar. Resultados: La elevada cohesión familiar es un factor protector de la salud, porque fortalece la identidad y pertenencia cultural del inmigrante, mientras que la aculturación trae consigo ciertas conductas desfavorables para la salud, relacionadas con la necesidad de ser aceptado y de participar en las actividades y prácticas del lugar receptor. Conclusiones: El fortalecimiento de la cohesión familiar puede ser una estrategia para mejorar la condición de salud de las personas que migran.

Abstract Introduction: Migration is a process that implies changes for the migrant, these are reflected in the activities and practices that are carried out in the receiving place, and often they are different from the place of origin. However these activities are acquired gradually, and by participating in them, they alter family cohesion and promote the acculturation process. Such changes may have an effect on the health of the migrant. Objective: To identify the effects that migration has on the health of the migrant and the mediating role of family cohesion and acculturation. Materials and methods: A systematic search (PRISMA methodology) was carried out in the PubMed database of complete articles, using as keywords: Migrant, acculturation, family cohesion. Results: High family cohesion is a protective health factor, because it strengthens the identity and cultural belonging of the immigrant. Acculturation brings certain unfavorable behaviors for health, related to the need to be accepted and to participate in activities and practices of the receiving place. Conclusions: Strengthening family cohesion can be a strategy to improve the health condition of people who migrate.

Análisis estructural de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en universitarios mexicanos / Structural analysis of the Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale among Mexican college students

Objetivos: realizar el análisis de la estructura interna de la versión en español de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff (PWBS-E) en estudiantes universitarios (n = 1700; 54.75% mujeres; Medad = 19.23) de una institución pública en Veracruz, México. Método: La estructura interna de la PWBS-E fue evaluada mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorio (ESEM) y el análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA). La confiabilidad del constructo fue estimada con el coeficiente α y de las puntuaciones con el coeficiente α. Resultados: indicaron que una estructura unidimensional y breve (19 ítems) posee mayor respaldo empírico. Además, se evidenció la existencia de un factor de método asociado a ítems invertidos en los modelos multidimensionales. En cuanto a la confiabilidad, se hallaron indicadores aceptables en ambos niveles (constructo y puntuaciones). Conclusiones: se discuten los hallazgos y las implicancias prácticas de la versión breve de la PWBS-E en universitarios

Objectives: This paper aimed to analyze the internal structure of the Spanish version of the Ryff ’s psychological well-being scale (PWBS-E) among college students (n = 1700, 54.75% females, Mage = 19.23) who attend a public institution located in Veracruz, Mexico. Method: The internal structure of the PWBS-E was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while the reliability of the construct was estimated with the ù coefficient and the reliability of the scores, with the α coefficient. Results: Suggested that a short and unidimensional structure (19 items) provides greater empirical support. In addition, a method factor associated with inverted items in multidimensional models was evidenced. Regarding the reliability, acceptable indicators were found in both levels (construct and scores). Conclusions: This paper addresses both the findings and practical implications of the short version of the PWBS-E among college students.

Análisis estructural de una escala de estilos de vida saludables en estudiantes universitarias mexicanas / Structural analysis of a healthy lifestyles scale in Mexican University Students

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estilos de vida saludables son prioritarios para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas, sin embargo hay carencia de instrumentos validados para su medición. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas en jóvenes estudiantes universitarias mexicanas a partir de la traducción de la Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students. Métodos: Estudio instrumental donde participaron 530 mujeres estudiantes de dos universidades públicas mexicanas. En la fase inicial, se realizó traducción de la escala, revisión de expertos, piloteo y retrotraducción. Luego de un análisis factorial confirmatorio fallido, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio a través del método de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados robustos con rotación oblicua Promin, se consideraron dos criterios en la retención de ítems: ítems con carga factorial mayor que 0,32 e índices de simplicidad factorial por ítem conservando los que mostraron magnitud moderada (≥ 0,75). Resultados: Se realizaron tres análisis factoriales exploratorios, en los primeros dos se descartaron 24 ítems: cuatro por presentar cargas factoriales bajas y 20 por elevada complejidad factorial (índices de simplicidad factorial < 0,75). En el tercer análisis factorial exploratorio con los 14 ítems restantes se encontraron cuatro factores que explican 64,444 por ciento de la varianza de las puntuaciones denominados consumo de sustancias, apreciación por la vida, relaciones interpersonales y patrones de alimentación, estudio y descanso, mostrando además un ajuste adecuado. Se estimaron coeficientes de confiabilidad de magnitud adecuada. Conclusiones: La adaptación del Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students arroja una escala breve de 14 ítems que valoran cuatro dimensiones de los estilos de vida teóricamente coherentes y vinculadas a la aparición de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Healthy lifestyles are a priority for the prevention of chronic diseases; however, there is a lack of toolsvalidated for their measurement. Objective: To analyze the psychometric properties in young Mexican university students based on the translation of the Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students. Methods: Instrumental study with the participation of 530 female students from two Mexican public universities. In the initial phase, we performed the scale translation, expert review, piloting and back-translation. After a failed confirmatory factor analysis, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out using the robust unweighted least squares method with Promin oblique rotation, two criteria were considered in item retention: items with factor load greater than 0.32 and factor simplicity rates per item, keeping those that showed moderate magnitude (≥ 0.75). Results: Three exploratory factor analyzes were carried out, 24 items were discarded in the first two: four due to low factor loads and 20 due to high factor complexity (factor simplicity indexes lower than 0.75). In the third exploratory factor analysis with the remaining 14 items, four factors were found that explain 64.44 percent of the variance of the so-called scores: substance use, life appreciation, interpersonal relationships, and eating patterns, study and rest, showing, in addition, an appropriate adjustment. Reliability coefficients of adequate magnitude were estimated. Conclusions: The adaptation of the Healthy Lifestyle Scale for University Students yields a brief scale of 14 items that assess four dimensions of theoretically coherent lifestyles and linked to the occurrence of chronic noncommunicable diseases(AU)

La alfabetización en salud como factor clave en el autocuidado de la dieta en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Health literacy as a key factor in diet self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Resumen Introducción: Alfabetización en Salud (AS) es un término que proviene del inglés health literacy, se refiere al conjunto de habilidades sociales y cognitivas que determinan la capacidad de una persona para acceder, entender y utilizar la información de forma que le permita mantener un buen estado de salud. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre AS y las conductas de autocuidado en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico llevado a cabo en dos centros de salud de atención primaria de la ciudad de Xalapa, Veracruz, México entre agosto-noviembre de 2016. La AS se midió con el European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47) y las conductas de autocuidado con el Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSCA) de Toobert y Glasgow. Se eligieron 90 personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que acudían a consulta. La participación fue voluntaria y previa firma de consentimiento informado. Resultados: El autocuidado de la dieta mostró asociación con la AS en su dimensión de promoción de la salud (p=0,018). Conclusiones: La AS se relaciona con las conductas de autocuidado, en específico de la dieta; a medida que aumenta la AS mejora el autocuidado.

Abstract Introduction: Health literacy refers to the set of social and cognitive skills that define the person's ability to access, understand and utilize information in such a way that a healthy condition can be maintained. Objective: To determine the association between AS and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in two primary health care centers in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz-Mexico, from August to November 2016. The AS was measured through the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47) and the self-care behaviors were assessed using the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSCA) by Toobert and Glasgow. We chose 90 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended consultation at the health care centers. Although their participation was voluntary, participants were required to sign the informed consent form. Results: Diet self-care was associated with AS, in a health promotion context (p=0.018). Conclusions: AS is directly related to self-care behaviors, specifically to diet.